Terpenes and cannabis

Terpenes and Cannabis: The Entourage Effect

9/20/2018

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What are terpenes?

Terpenes are some of the most pervasive organic compounds in nature. Insects and plants both use them for signaling a variety of things, including to fight predators and encourage pollination. Trees even emit terpenes that encourage water vapor to form clouds. All organisms use some types of terpenoids as part of the process of synthesizing new cells and other biological compounds.

terpenes and cannabisThe prevalent terpenes found in cannabis are often found in other plants. Linalool, for instance, is the primary terpene responsible for lavender’s smell. Limonene is at the core of the smell of citrus. Pinene is the terpene that makes up a large part of the smell of pine trees. When you smell a terpene, no matter what the source, that chemical is entering your lungs and begins to interact with your body.

Those who study cannabis are only just beginning to understand the complex interplay of compounds present in the plant. Terpenes are valuable because they modify the effect of the primary cannabinoids like THC and CBD, as well as being therapeutic on their own. The synergistic effect of combined terpenes and cannabinoids is known as the “entourage effect.”

How do terpenes affect the cannabis high?

Some theorize that terpenes and the entourage effect cause the difference in feeling between indica or sativa strains of cannabis. Many classic indica strains contain a large amount of the terpene myrcene which is known to be sedating. Sativas often contain more limonene, which is energizing and antidepressant. The amount and type of terpenoid and minor cannabinoids like CBN or CBG seem to be responsible for the different quality of high experienced when imbibing  different strains.

As cannabis connoisseurs are able to experiment with different varieties of and breeding conditions for cannabis, one thing is sure: Smoking, vaping or extracting whole-plant cannabis is more powerful than isolated extracts of pure THC or CBD. One of the primary differences between the two is the presence of terpenoids and additional cannabinoids.

List of Common Cannabis Terpenes

Cannabis can contain up to 120 different terpenoids. The fifteen most common terpenes are listed below:

  • Myrcene
  • Limonene
  • Linalool
  • Caryophyllene
  • Pinene
  • Alpha-bisabolol
  • Eucalyptol
  • Trans-nerolido
  • Humulene
  • Delta 3 Carene
  • Camphene
  • Borneol
  • Terpineol
  • Valencene
  • Geraniol

Many of these common terpenes in cannabis have been studied as stand-alone chemicals, often with surprisingly powerful therapeutic effects. Researchers have yet to study the cannabinoid entourage effect in detail, however, as cannabis remains a federally scheduled substance.

What is the best method for consuming cannabis that maximizes terpenes?

Smoking, vaping or eating whole-plant cannabis or cannabis extracts will all get at least some terpenes into your body, alongside cannabinoids like THC, CBD or CBN.

Terpenes, however, are much more volatile than cannabinoids and will often be the first chemical to evaporate or break down when high temperatures are applied to the plant material. For best results, vaporize your cannabis flower or live resin. You can consult our terpene vaporizer settings guide for the best temperatures for each of the common cannabis terpenes.

Eating an edible made with whole plant extract is another excellent way to get the full-spectrum cannabis experience. Many edibles are made with isolated THC and do not contain the full diversity of terpenes and cannabinoids that are present in flower, so choose your edible carefully.

Alternately, some have experimented with adding isolated, refined terpenes to extracts that have lost their terpenes due to high temperature extraction, or even just pure THC and CBD distillates. Terpenes can be purchased from many suppliers as they do not need to be refined from cannabis and are federally legal. Some vendors even sell pre-made “strain-specific” terpene blends that can be added to shatter or wax to get the exact high or medicinal effect desired without any uncertainty.

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New York

New York Listening Sessions Show Support for Cannabis Legalization

9/20/2018

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Public listening sessions scheduled by the office of New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo to take input on upcoming legalization legislation are underway, according to a Gothamist report.

The listening sessions — three so far, and a fourth in Manhattan later this evening — have been well attended, mostly by legalization supporters. Many had specific concerns they wanted to see addressed in the legislation, such as support for communities and minorities most impacted by the drug war and expungement of previous cannabis convictions.

“I grew up in the South Bronx, so I know how the police treated the inner city. I have friends whose lives were ruined. They couldn’t get a job because they smoked a little weed. So when prohibition ends I’m looking to create jobs for the same people who were persecuted.” — Ariel Bizardi, via Gothamist

There were also calls to add language to upcoming legislation that put an end to police using the smell of cannabis as a reason to stop and search citizens. Others were most concerned about creating a new “Big Tobacco” and wanted to ensure that the cannabis law prevented venture capitalists and large corporations from dominating the market.

Comments taken during the listening sessions will be used by the state-commissioned Regulated Marijuana Workgroup to shape the first draft of legislation. After tonight’s listening session in Manhattan, there will be eleven more, all listed on the state’s website.

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Louisiana Removes Patient Cap for MMJ Doctors

9/20/2018

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Louisiana regulators agreed this week to lift a cap limiting doctors to just 100 active medical cannabis recommendations, the Associated Press reports.

Fearing a bottleneck of patients as the state moves towards the launch of its medical cannabis industry, Louisiana’s State Board of Medical Examiners voted 8-1 in favor of lifting the cap, which was first established in 2016. The move was supported by patients and industry advocates, who worried that many patients who need medical cannabis might not be able to immediately access the program.

“Many [patients] feel locked out because they either cannot find physicians or the physicians they find already have hit the 100-patient limit,” said Dr. Victor Chou, who runs a medical marijuana clinic in Baton Rouge and reached his patient cap months ago — long before the program’s launch.

Regulators also voted 5-4 to remove a rule that required medical cannabis patients to return to their doctors every 90 days in order to keep their medical marijuana prescription.

Dr. Roderick Clark, the board’s vice president, argued in favor of removing both the patient cap and 90-day follow-up requirement.

“If we’re going to treat this as a drug or medication, then the physician should be responsible in the physician/patient relationship to treat that patient appropriately through his scope of process. We already have rules about that. We have laws about that.” — Dr. Roderick Clark, vice president of the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners

So far, just 48 doctors have applied to recommend medical cannabis and just 31 of those doctors have been fully approved. Many still worry that — even with the 100-patient cap removed — the low count of doctors willing and able to recommend medical cannabis in Louisiana will still result in bottlenecking issues related to patient access.

 

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Canadian Cannabis Brand Seeking Paid Smokers For Cannabis Curation Committee

9/20/2018

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Canadian cannabis company AHLOT is seeking five “cannabis connoisseurs” to staff the company’s “Cannabis Curation Committee,” according to a report by the Vancouver Star.

The committee members will be in charge of tasting and experiencing AHLOT’s cannabis strains to report on quality and other sensations. The connoisseurs will determine which of those strains make it into AHLOT’s signature sample packs. The committee will also produce social media content for the company, appear in videos and staff company events.

Members of the Cannabis Curation Committee will be paid $50 an hour for up to 16 hours per month, alongside a $200 expense account.

AHLOT, which stands for A Higher Level of Thought, is a Toronto-based cannabis brand that focuses on curating cannabis experiences for the masses. They produce a variety of products on top of their multi-strain, multi-producer sample packs, including storage boxes, other cannabis accessories, and media.

Cannabis will become nationally legal for adult use in Canada starting October 17. Licensed cannabis producers and other related brands throughout the country have seen surging stocks in recent weeks as the world prepares for the cannabis marketplace in a G7 nation to come online.

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MediPets CBD Pet Treats Offer Cats and Dogs Stress and Anxiety Relief

9/20/2018

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Available in 16 flavors for dogs and two for cats, these CBD pet treats are bound to relax even the most nervous, stressed-out pets

MIAMI, FL September 14, 2018 — MediPets CBD Pet Treats for dogs and cats offers pets a delicious snack made from all-natural industrial hemp CBD. It provides them a chance to stay healthy and well while helping them to remain stress and anxiety-free. Dogs and cats love these CBD pet treats which give them a measured dose of high-quality CBD in a delicious flavored treat that they will enjoy.

Available in 18 different flavors specially made for each type of pet, dog-lovers can choose from favorites such as Meaty Beef Treats, Meaty Steak Treats, and Chicken Meatballs. MediPets CBD pet treats also come in more enticing flavors including Chicken, Chickpea & Blueberry Biscuit flavor, and Turkey, Peas, & Blueberry Jerky.

Cats have two unique flavors of their own as well. MediPets offers felines Purrs & Puffs which are flavored to taste just like tuna fish. They also provide Cat Cafe´ Tartar Control, designed for healthy and strong teeth. Each CBD pet treat is filled with all-natural industrial hemp CBD oil.

MediPets understands that cats and dogs need CBD to help with a variety of ailments, just like their human counterparts. Illnesses ranging from poor joints to anxiety can possibly be made whole again with CBD pet treats. The key is the endocannabinoid system, which may respond well to the use of CBD pet treats. These delicious treats were specially designed for cats and dogs that suffer from stress and anxiety, made to help pets on long car rides, trips to the vet, or even on those days where they will be away from their owners for long periods of time.

Also available from Medipets, a company known for their innovative CBD oil products is a specialty line of CBD oils made especially for cats and dogs. Available in one size for cats and three dimensions for dogs, these specialty CBD oils contain 100 percent all-natural industrial hemp CBD and are non-toxic for pets. MediPets develops their CBD oil in a lab with a team of researchers to ensure that only the best goes into every bottle. The company also ensures that their products are all THC-free and contain absolutely no synthetics; a guarantee they back up with lab tests for every product.

Each bottle contains varying amounts of CBD oil, depending on the size of the animal. For dogs, MediPets CBD oil is available in small, medium, and large. Pet owners need only place a few drops in their cat or dog’s food or water every day to help them feel the awesome benefits of CBD oil.

MediPets understands that pet owners are wary of any company that makes wild claims about their CBD oil. CBD oil has the power to do amazing things, but MediPets knows that quality is the number one concern of their customers. That is why all of MediPets products are clearly labeled, and the company always tells their customers to consult with a vet before giving their cat or dog anything.

About MediPets CBD
MediPets CBD makes all-natural industrial hemp CBD products for cats and dogs, including CBD pet treats, pet CBD oil, and CBD pet spray. MediPets guarantees that all of their CBD oil products are THC-free and synthetic free. For more information visit www.medipetscbd.com.

 

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Ohio

Ohio Prohibits CBD Sales Outside Dispensaries

9/19/2018

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Ohio’s Pharmacy Board has clarified that non-psychoactive CBD is a controlled cannabis product under state law and as such may only be sold in dispensaries, reports WCPO Cincinnati.

This means that groceries, supplement stores, co-ops, and other retail outlets that have been selling CBD products like coffee or hemp extract capsules will have to remove the products to remain compliant. This will frustrate some who use CBD to medicate things like anxiety, epilepsy or chronic pain — they will now have to go through the process of becoming a medical cannabis patient and locate a dispensary.

Ohio regulators say they are not enforcing the law just yet, but are providing clarification. However, the announcement was more than enough to cause some stores to pull the products.

“It’s frustrating. Other places are listening to them and are pulling the products from their shelves and the only person who’s being hurt there is the customer.” — E.R. Beach, owner of Hemptations, via WCPO

Ohio has been plagued with delays and other issues affecting the roll-out of its state medical cannabis program. The state still has yet to fully launch sales of cannabis, despite having already passed the program’s September 8 deadline.

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New Jersey Legalization Bill Includes Delivery, Smoking Lounges

9/19/2018

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The nearly-finished New Jersey cannabis legalization bill reportedly contains measures allowing for delivery services and public smoking lounges, according to an NJ.com report.

If the bill is approved, New Jersey would become the first U.S. state to allow for cannabis consumption outside of a private residence. The proposal would establish a taxed-and-regulated cannabis marketplace with business licenses and regulations handled by the Cannabis Regulatory Commission.

The bill — which lawmakers say has a good chance of passing — also includes a cannabis tax rate of just 10 percent, which is the lowest in the country, so far.

Unfortunately, the bill does not allow for cannabis home grows, which are a “nonstarter” for lawmakers, according to the report. The bill is also currently lacking language for the expungement of previous cannabis convictions, but previous legalization proposals in New Jersey have contained some effort to undo the harms of prohibition and lawmakers say they intend to either add expungement language to this bill or introduce an accompanying bill that will address the issue.

If the bill is passed and signed into law, the Cannabis Regulatory Commission will have 180 days to adopt rules and regulations, after which regulators will have just 30 days to issue the industry’s first licenses.

Lawmakers suspect the bill will undergo several hearings before it is put to a vote. New Jersey State Senate President Stephen Sweeney (D-Gloucester) said the bill probably has enough votes to succeed but, at this point, he doesn’t expect the bill to pass before October.

 

 

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Canada Military Parachute

Canadian Armed Forces to Allow Some Cannabis Consumption

9/19/2018

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Canada has spelled out the cannabis consumption rules for soldiers and civilians working for the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), according to the recently published Use of Cannabis By CAF Members directive.

According to the order, DAOD 9004-1, all soldiers will be banned from smoking or consuming cannabis starting eight hours before reporting for duty. Those serving on submarines or aircraft, piloting drones, conducting air traffic control or high-altitude parachute drops or deploying must abstain from cannabis use starting 28 days before. Soldiers handling weapons or explosives will be required to cease consumption of cannabis 24 hours prior.

These rules will also apply to civilian contractors for the CAF.

Canada‘s military suffered a tragic embarrassment centered around alcohol consumption in the Armed Forces during the 1993 “Somalia Affair.” During that incidence, Canadian soldiers who were likely heavily intoxicated were discovered to have beaten and killed a Somali teenager. Since then, Canada has maintained a stern stance against substance abuse in the military. DAOD 9004-1’s lengthy consideration of proper cannabis use was most likely informed by that stance.

Allowing some cannabis consumption is a notable precedent as other countries with significant military forces consider legalization.

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Diamond CBD Welcomes Fall With Their Five Favorite CBD Oils

9/19/2018

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From full-spectrum CBD oil to terpenes to more, Diamond CBD introduces the flavors of fall

MIAMI, FL, September 14, 2018 — A recent industry report shows Diamond CBD in the top 10 CBD companies in the entire country; the company credits that to some of their best sellers such as Meds Biotech Gummies and CBD Honey Sticks. But now that the cooler weather is coming, Diamond CBD is celebrating their favorite tastes of the season — it’s the power of CBD oil mixed with the cool, crisp flavors of fall.

One of Diamond CBD’s favorite fall flavors is Full Spectrum MCT Oil, which features all-hemp cannabinoids and no THC. Highly bioavailable and nutritious MCTs, or medium-chain triglycerides, provide fast and lasting energy and are easily absorbed by the body. And, unlike CBD isolate, full-spectrum, whole plant CBD contains all other beneficial cannabinoids and terpenes found in the hemp plant. The trace amounts of THC, at less than 0.3 percent, are not enough to cause any kind of high, however, over time that little bit can enhance the experience. Diamond hopes customers will experience the full spectrum of relaxation with Diamond CBD Full Spectrum MCT Oil.

Also available this fall from Diamond CBD is Blue Dream Terpenes Diamond CBD oil. It is a premium infused CBD liquid blend of pure CBD oil and full-spectrum terpenes. Diamond’s Blue Dream CBD Oil Terpenes product is free of THC, yet it possesses the bold flavor of the Blue Dream marijuana strain. Terpenes are considered one of the most important compounds in full-spectrum CBD oil and have been known for centuries to provide a variety of health benefits. This product is completely non-GMO and made in the USA. Customers can use it as oral drops, or as a CBD tincture, or add it to their vape liquid.

Diamond CBD Full Spectrum Hemp Seed Oil combines the benefits of full-spectrum CBD oil with the intense nutritional value of hemp seed oil. Hemp seed oil is considered a superfood by nutritionists. It boasts a perfect 3:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids which matches the balance required by the human body. As mentioned above, full-spectrum, or whole-plant CBD, unlike CBD isolate, contains additional beneficial cannabinoids and terpenes found in the hemp plant including trace amounts of THC (again, not enough to get someone high). Full-spectrum CBD oil can be added to e-liquid and vaped. It is also safe to add to foods, drinks or to use as a topical treatment.

Another great choice this fall is Chong’s Choice CBD Oil, one of the most popular and best-selling products. The brand is brought to you by the legendary Tommy Chong and the products are produced using the highest quality ingredients and 100 percent natural premium hemp. As with Diamond CBD’s other CBD oils, Tommy’s can be used as oral drops, tincture or topical, and can be added to e-liquid and vaped. Tommy’s also has other products such as Chong’s Choice Gummies, and Chong’s Choice CBD Vape Pens.

Finally this fall there’s LT Pain Master CBD Oil CBD oral drops, which are designed with hard-working athletes in mind. If customers want to master their pain, they can look to the pain master. LT is not messing around with this formulation; it features a whopping 1000 mg of high-quality CBD. As with all Diamond CBD products, LT Pain Master CBD Oil is made with cannabidiol extract from 100 percent legal, organic industrial hemp grown in the USA. If someone is an athlete or an active individual who puts their body through a lot of wear and tear, this highly concentrated CBD hemp oil is designed for them.

About Diamond CBD
Diamond CBD also offers many popular CBD brands such as Diamond CBD oils and Chill Gummies. There is a wide variety of options from oils to vapes to edibles. Diamond CBD even offers unique options like Dabs and Isolates giving customers numerous options to enhance their wellbeing with CBD oil. To learn more go to www.diamondcbd.com.

 

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Medical Study

DEA Approves Canada’s Tilray for Cannabis Drug Imports

9/18/2018

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Canadian cannabis producer Tilray Inc. announced today that the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency has approved the company’s request to import capsules of CBD and THC into the U.S. to be used for research at UC San Diego, in a press release.

The encapsulated cannabinoids are being imported to study Essential Tremor, a neurological condition that causes uncontrollable shaking. 0.4% of the general population suffers from Essential Tremor, and 4.6% to 6.3% of those 65 and older suffer from the condition. Current treatments for the condition are often derived from paralytics. The condition is even occasionally treated with Botox. Serious side effects and intolerance of the existing treatments are common.

Medical cannabis, which has been shown to help with many seizure disorders and other degenerative neurological disorders, will most likely be a much safer treatment.

The study is led by Dr. Fatta Nahab, neurologist and Director of the Functional Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disorders Lab at UC San Diego.

“It’s exciting to advance our work in this area by conducting a first-of-its kind trial of purified medicinal cannabis for a common neurological disorder like essential tremor. Until now patients have been on their own to figure out the efficacy, safety, and dosing of cannabinoids. This trial should help answer many of these critical questions.” — Dr. Fatta Nahab, in the release

Tilray’s stock climbed 11% in early trading this morning following the press release.

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Mormon Church Says Lawmakers, Not Voters, Should Legalize MMJ

9/18/2018

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Mormon Church leaders have continued to campaign against Proposition 2, Utah’s medical cannabis ballot measure, but have issued statements indicating they might support medical cannabis legislation created in a special session, according to the Associated Press.

The Church of Latter-Day Saints has been funding the campaign against Proposition 2 since well before they announced their opposition to the measure.

Drug Safe Utah, an umbrella organization for the various opponents of Prop. 2, has taken funds from the Mormon Church. The organization filed suit on behalf of Mormon attorney Walter J. Plumb in an attempt to remove Prop. 2 from the ballot by arguing it infringed on Plumb’s religious freedoms. That case is still pending but cannabis advocates in the state are optimistic.

Following that case, however, the Mormon Church announced its formal opposition to Prop 2. The Church urged parishioners to vote against the measure, saying that it was against the Mormon “Word of Wisdom.” Meanwhile, Drug Safe Utah began running inaccurate radio ads which incurred a formal complaint from the measure’s proponents.

The Mormon Church’s campaign against Proposition 2 does not seem to have swayed voters much, however. A poll released in September showed that public support for the medical cannabis initiative remained largely unchanged with 64 percent of respondents in support of the measure.

Now, the Mormon Church is attempting to re-frame its opposition to Prop. 2 in terms specific to the ballot measure. The Church claims that it is not opposed to medical cannabis prescribed by a doctor, but that it is only concerned about the language of Proposition 2.

“There is urgency. This isn’t ‘let’s wait till next year to have a conversation,'” said Elder Jack N. Gerard, Executive Director of PR for the Church. “It needs to be dealt with soon. There’s an urgency to accomplish this. … With this coalition, we’re calling on public officials to act and act promptly.”

However, lawmakers are not optimistic about the Legislature’s ability to draft — and much less pass — a workable medical cannabis bill. In fact, Proposition 2 exists in part because of the Utah Legislature’s failure to act on the public support for medical cannabis, which pushed advocates to collect signatures for a legalization initiative. State Rep. Brian King (D-District 28), leader of the House minority party, said that Proposition 2 is the only likely path to medical cannabis reform.

“Proposition 2 is flawed, in some ways very flawed, but I’m voting for it because if we vote it down, I think the likelihood that the state Legislature will come back and put in place meaningful medical marijuana is slim and none.” — Rep. Brian King, via Deseret News

King also said he wondered why the largely Republican Utah legislature would feel pressure to draft and pass a medical cannabis law if voters didn’t show support for one on the ballot. The Office of the Governor has also indicated that a special session would only be likely if there was clear consensus on a bill (and there isn’t even a bill, yet).

Utah voters in November will have to decide whether the Mormon Church is sincere in its desire to see medical cannabis laws passed in the state, or if this is only a delaying tactic aimed at reducing voter support for Proposition 2.

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South Africa Decriminalizes Personal Cannabis Use

9/18/2018

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The South African Constitutional Court has ruled that the personal use of cannabis is no longer a criminal offense, according to a News 24 report.

The rule change follows a Western Cape High Court judgment from last March, which ruled in favor of allowing the personal cultivation and consumption of cannabis for private use. That ruling was appealed by the State, which argued that personal cannabis use was against the values of South Africans, so the issue was sent to the Constitutional Court.

According to statements from Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo, the Constitutional Court determined that the personal use of cannabis “does not constitute undue harm” and, therefore, its prohibition infringes upon the privacy rights of South Africans.

“The right to privacy is not confined to a home or private dwelling. It will not be a criminal offence for an adult person to use or be in possession of cannabis in private space. … The judgment does not specify how many grams of cannabis can a person use or have in private.” — Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo, in a statement

The decriminalization rules are also extended to personal cannabis cultivation, though the commercial distribution of cannabis remains prohibited. Zondo stated that Parliament, not the Constitutional Court, should determine the limits for when cannabis possession and cultivation extend beyond the term “personal use.”

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Coca-Cola Considering CBD Product Line

9/17/2018

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The Coca-Cola Co. is the latest major beverage company to consider investing in the cannabis space, BNN Bloomberg reports.

Coke, the world’s largest beverage company, is reportedly in “serious talks” with Canadian marijuana producer Aurora Cannabis about developing a CBD-infused product line. The groundbreaking partnership would signal the cannabis industry’s acceptance by one of the world’s most established and iconic consumer brands.

Coke’s planned beverage would be a “recovery” themed CBD drink without any psychoactive effects, which differs from the several cannabis and alcohol company partnerships that have been announced recently.

Several sources told BNN Bloomberg under the condition of anonymity that the talks are getting “serious” and are “pretty advanced down the path.”

When asked, however, a Coca-Cola spokesperson would not confirm or deny the potential partnership.

“Along with many others in the beverage industry, we are closely watching the growth of non-psychoactive CBD as an ingredient in functional wellness beverages around the world. The space is evolving quickly. No decisions have been made at this time.” — Kent Landers, spokesperson for The Coca-Cola Co., in an email to BNN Bloomberg

Aurora similarly would not confirm or deny the talks when asked. “As a rule, we do not discuss business development initiatives until they are finalized, however we have a responsibility to our shareholders to give proper consideration to all relevant opportunities that are presented,” said Aurora spokesperson Heather MacGregor.

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New Mexico

New Mexico Health Sec. Refuses to Allow MMJ for Opioid Addiction

9/17/2018

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Secretary of the New Mexico Department of Health Lynn Gallagher has again declined to add Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) to the state’s list of qualifying conditions for medical cannabis, according to a Drug Policy Alliance press release.

New Mexico’s Medical Advisory Board is made up of board-certified physicians appointed by the Governor, who advise the state on medical matters. The Advisory Board has recommended adding OUD to the list of qualifying conditions once before, in 2017.

Secretary Gallagher vetoed the addition then, as well.

“We lose one or two New Mexicans to overdose every single day. The Secretary’s failure to add this condition is discriminatory and stigmatizing for people suffering from opioid and other substance use disorders. It’s well known that New Mexico needs more options to support people suffering from problematic opioid use. This decision means that medical cannabis, a legitimate option to support symptoms related to OUD and withdrawal from opioids continues to be out of reach. I am hopeful that under a new administration science and compassion will prevail.” — Jessica Gelay, Policy Manager for the Drug Policy Alliance

Proponents of treating OUD with cannabis point out that, beyond specific effects on opioid addiction, cannabis has also been clearly shown to treat withdrawal symptoms like nausea and insomnia as well as reduce the intensity of cravings.

In 2017, 500 people in New Mexico died from opioid overdoses. Even the New Mexico legislature — both the House and the Senate — has instructed the Department of Health to add OUD to the list of qualifying conditions.

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Tbilisi, Georgia

Georgia Wants to Grow & Export Cannabis But Not Allow Consumption

9/17/2018

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A bill introduced in the Georgia Parliament is seeking to legalize the cultivation of cannabis for export but not legalize domestic consumption, according to a story by Radio Free Europe.

The language of the bill allows cultivation for export only, specifically for cosmetic and pharmaceutical use. Georgia decriminalized possession and consumption in November 2017; however, the growing or distribution of cannabis remains illegal.

Opponents of the bill decry the hypocrisy of allowing commercial cultivation for export while still not allowing sales inside the country. A leading Parliament Deputy for the European Georgia party, Giga Bokeria said, “[The government] wants to produce it while punishing others for [using] it? This is absurd.”

Government profiteering and individual corruption are suspected in the equation, which is why the Georgian Orthodox Church, among others, opposes the bill. Bishop Iacob Iakobashvili commented:

“It’s a big mistake — maybe the authorities think about the [country’s] budget in this way, but they do not think about national security at all. None of our law enforcement agencies enjoys such confidence that they can be safely entrusted with the protection of these [marijuana] plantations — we risk becoming another Afghanistan or Colombia.” — Iacob Iakobashvili, via RadioFreeEurope

Georgia is in the process of reforming its drug laws. A nation that has historically had some of the strictest drug laws in Europe, Georgian lawmakers have pledged further reforms since the 2017 decriminalization law — this bill, however, is the only one that has been written so far.

Meanwhile, approximately one-third of all prisoners in Georgia are incarcerated on drug charges.

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U.S. Capital

MMJ Research Expansion Bill Passes House Committee

9/14/2018

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A bill requiring the expansion of medical cannabis research by the U.S. federal government has passed committee and moved to the full House floor, according to a Tom Angell Forbes report.

It is the first bill of its kind to pass that committee.

The most contentious part of the bill was language that bans anyone from working in the expanded cannabis research program who has been convicted of a felony or drug-related misdemeanor. Cannabis advocates strongly opposed the provision, which could cause the bill to stall on the House floor.

House Judiciary Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte (R-Virginia), who co-sponsored the bill, would not remove the language without forcing a vote on the matter, which others declined.

“There is no legitimate health or public safety justification for the inclusion of this language and we urge you to strike this unnecessary, punitive ban on individuals with previous drug law violations.” — American Civil Liberties Union, in a letter to the committee, via Forbes

The primary sponsor of the bill, Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Florida), claimed that the restrictions on drug convicts weren’t included in initial drafts of the bill but  were suggested by people in the cannabis industry who, said Gaetz, “wanted to raise the bar” and keep out “people who wandered out of their drug circle or hacky sack endeavor.”

It’s unclear who exactly in the cannabis industry made the suggestion to “raise the bar.” Director of Communications for the National Cannabis Industry Association Morgan Fox said his organization “absolutely did not suggest that and does not support that restriction.”

Meanwhile, advocates say this bill is a “drop in the bucket” for cannabis policy and that many studies already contradict cannabis’ Schedule I classification, indicating that this bill is too little, too late.

At the very least, the bill’s Republican sponsorship and historic movement out of committee is yet another sign of the prohibition era’s diminishing reach.

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Border Patrol Official Confirms Lifetime Bans for Cannabis Employees

9/14/2018

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A senior U.S. Customs and Border Patrol Official has confirmed that Canadians who work in that country’s legal cannabis industry — or who admit to working in the stateside cannabis industry — will be given lifetime bans upon attempting to enter the United States, Politico reports.

In June, reports surfaced of Canadians receiving lifetime bans at the U.S. border for admitting to working in ancillary cannabis industries like machinery manufacturing. However, only reports from those banned were received and the U.S. Border Patrol had not provided clarification.

Politico spoke to Todd Owen, executive assistant commissioner for the Office of Field Operations for the Border Patrol, who confirmed that lifetime bans will indeed be given out to anyone who works in any facet of either country’s cannabis industry. Even investors in the cannabis industry should be careful with their disclosures.

“Our officers are not going to be asking everyone whether they have used marijuana, but if other questions lead there — or if there is a smell coming from the car, they might ask. If you lie about it, that’s fraud and misrepresentation, which carries a lifetime ban. … Facilitating the proliferation of the legal marijuana industry in U.S. states where it is deemed legal or Canada may affect an individual’s admissibility to the U.S.” — Todd Owen, via Politico

Owen pointed out the fact that Israeli cannabis industry investors had also been denied entry in the past, making it clear that it was not any special change in policy regarding Canada’s federal legalization.

Changes to this policy will most likely not occur until the U.S. passes cannabis law reform on a federal level, which some lawmakers expect as early as next year.

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Michigan Judge Blocks the Shutdown of 98 Dispensaries

9/14/2018

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A judge in Michigan has blocked an effort by state officials to shutter 98 medical cannabis dispensaries, the Associated Press reports.

Court of Claims Judge Stephen Borrello, at the request of one dispensary’s lawyer, issued an injunction on Thursday to allow all dispensaries in the state to remain open during this period of extended licensing delays.

Regulators previously announced that medical cannabis businesses who were late in submitting parts of their application would receive cease-and-desist letters telling them to shut down sometime next week. By their count, officials had aimed to shutter 98 — nearly half — of the state’s dispensaries, putting hundreds if not thousands of cannabis industry employees out of work.

December 15 is the new target date for regulators to fully license medical cannabis businesses. This is the third time a deadline for Michigan‘s medical cannabis licensing process has been softened or delayed.

Michigan’s medical cannabis landscape has been marred this year with delays and controversies as regulators work to properly license the state’s retailers, including a trend of dispensaries receiving fake cease and desist letters and a Governor-ordered investigation into bribery accusations in the industry.

Voters in the state will decide whether to legalize adult-use cannabis at the ballot boxes this November.

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CBD Coffee

Analysts Expect CBD Market to Reach $22 Billion by 2022

9/13/2018

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An analysis completed by The Brightfield Group has determined that the non-psychoactive, hemp-based CBD market will hit $22 billion by 2022, according to a Rolling Stone report.

The CBD market is already expected to top $591 million in 2018. While the early CBD market was often written off as businesses trying to capitalize on the cannabis hype, an uptick of states with required cannabis testing and other regulations have caused a boom in veritably potent and effective CBD products.

CBD is one of the most medicinal compounds in the cannabis plant, helping with everything from arthritis and bug bites to epilepsy and cancer.

The Brightfield Group sees the most opportunity for growth in Sen. Mitch McConnell’s 2018 Farm Bill, which includes a provision to remove hemp from cannabis’ Schedule I categorization — effectively legalizing it for farmers across the country. It would also remove the only remaining roadblock for CBD investments from major corporations, as well as provide a plentiful domestic supply of the hemp plant for use in CBD extracts. It would also allow and encourage mainstream, big-box stores to start selling CBD products.

“This industry has grown out of nowhere, based on word of mouth marketing. There’s no real mass market retailers that are covering it.” — Bethany Gomez, Director of Research for The Brightfield Group, via Rolling Stone

CBD is seen by many as a natural remedy instead of a pharmaceutical or narcotic drug, which gives the compound an additional perception of safety and medical effectiveness that traditional, THC-heavy cannabis doesn’t achieve as easily through its many decades of propaganda. This may make consumers more likely to try CBD products, especially when it starts showing up on the shelves of neighborhood groceries.

Both the House and Senate have passed the 2018 Farm Bill. The bill is currently in committee to reconcile the two versions into one bill that will go to President Trump for his signature. The current Farm Bill, established in 2014, is set to expire on September 30 — lawmakers hope to have the new version completed and passed by that deadline.

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Bipartisan Group Aims to Clear Cannabis Convictions

9/13/2018

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A bipartisan group of U.S. Representatives that call themselves “strange bedfellows” is working together to clear federal cannabis-related convictions off the records of nonviolent offenders, CBS News reports.

Rep. Lisa Blunt Rochester (D-Delaware) and 20 of her fellow Congressional Black Caucus members have teamed up with Rep. Rod Blum (R-Iowa) to introduce the Clean Slate Act, a bill that would seal the records of non-violent cannabis convicts who remain crime-free for at least a year following their release from prison.

Rep. Blunt Rochester, who first coined the term “strange bedfellows” to describe the group, said, “we would work with anyone who is willing to get it done.”

“We have people who are at the extremes almost of the continuum, and I think that’s an unusual thing especially in today’s (political) climate.” — Rep. Lisa Blunt Rochester (D-Delaware), in an interview with CBS News

The Clean Slate Act also enjoys the support of two other unlikely political allies: the Koch Brothers-aligned FreedomWorks, an organization that fights for “lower taxes, less government, and more freedom,” and the Center for American Progress, a progressive public policy research and advocacy organization. Normally, the two groups would find themselves on the opposite sides of nearly any other political issue.

“Folks want bipartisanship,” said Rep. Blum, who called the bill “common-sense” legislation.

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NYPD Cop

Manhattan DA Dismisses 3,000 Cannabis Cases

9/13/2018

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Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. dismissed more than 3,000 cases of cannabis possession and consumption in New York on Wednesday, CNN reports.

The 3,042 cases dismissed dated back as far as 1978. No violent crimes involving cannabis were dismissed, said the DA. Public defender agencies were given the list of names of those with dismissed cases so the public can inquire about their legal status.

“Outstanding warrants for these low-level cases drive law enforcement and our communities apart. New Yorkers with warrants face unnecessary loss of employment, housing and immigration consequences, and because many of them fear they will be arrested for an open warrant, they don’t collaborate with the (New York Police Department) and district attorneys to keep our communities safe.” — Cyrus Vance Jr., via Fox 6

The cases will be sealed and formally dismissed in 90 days, the period of time necessary for paperwork to be filed by state agencies.

Wednesday’s dismissals are a continuation of New York’s increasingly open-minded stance on cannabis.

Earlier this month, Brooklyn DA Eric Gonzalez proposed erasing tens of thousands of low-level cannabis convictions. In June, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and the NYPD announced that they would no longer arrest people for public cannabis consumption and would issue tickets instead. In July, a study commissioned by Gov. Andrew Cuomo reported that New York should legalize adult-use cannabis. That study was quickly embraced by Gov. Cuomo, who organized listening sessions for public comment on the matter.

New York is expected to consider legalization legislation later this year.

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City skyline of Detroit, Michigan.

Michigan Regulators to Shutter 98 Dispensaries

9/13/2018

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98 of Michigan’s medical cannabis dispensaries will need to close down until at least December after state regulators on Tuesday adopted new emergency rules, the Detroit Free Press reports.

Under the new rules, some 108 dispensaries will get to remain open until December 15 — these were the businesses whose owners submitted their initial licensing applications prior to the February 15 deadline, got approval from their host communities, and submitted the second step of the application by its June 15 deadline.

The 98 dispensaries who must close finished the first step of the process on time, but did not make the second deadline. If they remain open, they will forfeit their ability to receive a full license. With their closure, hundreds if not thousands of cannabis industry workers will be out of work for the immediate future. The dispensaries in question will receive cease-and-desist letters from the state next week; the full list of businesses who must close will be made public at that time.

However, the businesses who have had their licenses approved are not yet fully in the clear: dispensaries who have been given the go-ahead must — after a second emergency rule adoption — pay a $48,000 regulatory assessment fee within 10 days or shut down until they have the necessary funds.

December 15 is the state’s third extended deadline for medical cannabis dispensaries to either be fully licensed or shut down.

“We’re trying to move the process along. … This extension focuses on ensuring access.” — Andrew Brisbo, executive director of the Bureau of Medical Marijuana Regulation, via the Detroit Free Press

Meanwhile, voters in Michigan will consider an adult-use legalization ballot initiative this November. According to the latest poll results, voters favor legalization by a margin of about 56 percent, with 38 percent opposed and 6 percent undecided.

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marijuana vaporizer

The Best Marijuana Vaporizer Settings For Terpenes

9/12/2018

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Terpenes are compounds produced by a variety of plants, as well as some insects. They have strong odors and are often used by plants for protection, as well as to attract predators of pests. Terpenes and Terpenoids are produced from resin in plants, including cannabis. Terpenes are used by nearly every living creature to form new cells and create new chemicals.

Terpenes are found in many essential oils and are theorized to be a large part of the beneficial effects of aromatherapy. Cannabis contains many terpenes that through the “entourage effect” modify the effects of THC in the mind and body, as well as have therapeutic effects of their own.

Cannabis users with marijuana vaporizers have an opportunity to use their temperature settings to create vapor that is focused on specific terpenes. Vaping cannabis plant matter at the boiling point of the terpene desired will maximize the amount of therapeutic terpenes in the vapor. Below is a list of many of the primary terpenes in cannabis, their effects and the temperature at which to set your vaporizer.

ß-Myrcene

  • Boiling point: 166-168C / 330.8-334.4 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: Analgesic. Anti-inflammatory, Antibiotic, Antimutagenic

Myrcene is known as the “couch-lock” terpene and is the most common terpene in most cannabis strains. Myrcene is found in many other plants in nature aside from cannabis, including Bay, ylang-ylang, wild thyme, parsley, cardamom and hops. Its effect is primarily sedative and pain-relieving. Set your marijuana vaporizer to 330 degrees Fahrenheit to maximize Myrcene extraction.

d-Limonene

  • Boiling point: 177C / 350.6 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: Immune potentiator, Antidepressant, Antimutagenic

Limonene is the second most common terpene in cannabis. Limonene occurs in many plants, including mint, juniper, rosemary, pine, and all citrus rinds. Limonene is responsible for some cannabis strain’s grapefruit, lemon or tangerine smell. Limonene is energizing and antidepressant, as well as anti-cancer To help maximize Limonene terpenes in your vapor, set your vaporizer to around 350 degrees Fahrenheit.

Citrus FruitLinalool

  • Boiling point: 198C / 388.4 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: Sedative, Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, Immune potentiator

Linalool smells floral with a touch of spice. It is the major terpene responsible for Lavender’s scent. It is contained in many other plants as well, over 200 in fact. It is sedative and antidepressant, as well as anti-anxiety. Studies have shown at the opioid needs of people inhaling lavender oil, rich in Linalool, were greatly reduced compared to controls. To maximize Linalool extraction with your vaporizer, set your temperature to 388 degrees Fahrenheit.

Pulegone

  • Boiling point: 224C / 435.2 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: Memory booster, AChE inhibitor (anti Alzheimer’s, anti-parkinson’s, anti-schizophrenic), Sedative, Antipyretic

Pulegone is a minority terpene found in cannabis, as well as peppermint, catnip, pennyroyal and camphor. Pulegone can be sedative and fever-reducing as well as reducing some negative side-effects of cannabis such as short term memory loss. Pulegone is best consumed at high temperatures, so set your marijuana vaporizer to 435 degrees Fahrenheit to maximize the Pulegone content of your vapor.

1,8-Cineole (Eucalyptol)

  • Boiling point: 176C / 348.8 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: AChE inhibitor (anti Alzheimer’s, anti-parkinson’s, anti-schizophrenic), Increases cerebral blood flow, Stimulant, Antibiotic, Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-nociceptive

Eucalyptol has a cool minty and mildly spicy taste. It’s found predominantly in its namesake tree, the Eucalyptus, as well as camphor laurel, bay leaves, tea tree, rosemary, sage and sweet basil. Eucalyptol is used in mouthwash, some cough suppressants and body powders. Eucalyptol has also been shown to be effective at fighting leukemia and colon cancer cells, as well as asthma. To properly vaporize Eucalyptol, set your vaporizer to 348 degrees Fahrenheit.

Pine Treesa-Pinene

  • Boiling point: 156C / 312.8 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: Anti-inflammatory, Bronchodilator, Stimulant, Antibiotic, AChE inhibitor (anti Alzheimer’s, anti-parkinson’s, anti-schizophrenic)

Pinene is one of the most common terpenes found in nature. Most common in conifers, it also occurs in camphorweed, sage and cannabis. Pinene, as the name may lead you to believe, smells like pine, or a bit like rosemary. Pinene is an excellent bronchodilator, helping your lungs take in more oxygen, as well as an expectorant, helping clear sinuses and other mucus membranes. In Chinese medicine it is used to combat cancer. To get the most pinene in your vapor, set your temperature a little lower to 312 degrees Fahrenheit.

a-Terpineol

  • Boiling point: 217-218C / 422.6-424.4 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: Sedative, Antibiotic, AChE inhibitor (anti Alzheimer’s, anti-parkinson’s, anti-schizophrenic), Antioxidant, Antimalarial

Terpineol has a pleasing odor reminiscent of lilacs and is a common perfume and cosmetic ingredient. It is thought to be relaxing and sedative. Terpineol has been shown to have the highest antioxidant activity of any terpene tested and has been shown to inhibit tumor growth as well. To get the most Terpineol in your vapor, heat your vaporizer on the hotter side to 422 degrees Fahrenheit.Lilacs

p-cymene

  • Boiling point: 177C / 350.6 degree Fahrenheit
  • Properties: Antibiotic, Anticandidal, AChE inhibitor (anti Alzheimer’s, anti-parkinson’s, anti-schizophrenic)

Cymene is a part of several essential oils, including Cumin and Thyme and smells a little of both. Cymene is anti-inflammatory and reduces pain sensation. Studies by the National Institute of Health showed that cymene significantly increased the time it took mice to notice pain caused by heat or inflammation. To extract the most Cymene into your vapor, set your temperature to 350 degrees Fahrenheit while vaping cannabis.

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American Flag

Congress to Consider MMJ Research Expansions

9/12/2018

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The Medical Cannabis Research Act, a bipartisan bill to expand medical cannabis research, is scheduled to receive a vote by the House Judiciary Committee this week, Tom Angell reports for Forbes.

Primarily, the bill would require the federal government to issue more licenses to grow research-grade cannabis. Should it make it to the House floor from the Judiciary Committee, it would be the first piece of cannabis law reform to do so during a Republican-controlled Congress. The bill, however, has several flaws that were added as part of the campaign for bipartisan support.

Most importantly, the bill bars any individual with a “conviction for a felony or drug-related misdemeanor” from participating in any cannabis research program. It also requires participants to produce “letters of good standing” from local law enforcement agencies — law enforcement agencies often come out strongly against such reforms.

Most cannabis activists take issue with continuing to shortchange those who were most affected by the Drug War, most often minorities and other already-disadvantaged groups.

Those pushing for the passage of the bill said that setting a precedent of Republican support for cannabis law reform is the most important task at hand. Cannabis advocates disagree, however, saying that creating a precedent of banning certain people on a federal level from participating in the cannabis industry is a risk not worth taking.

“For many of my Republican colleagues, the most difficult marijuana reform vote to take is the first one. I’m trying to create the most comfortable setting for marijuana skeptics to do something right by their constituents, and that process can yield imperfect legislation that is directionally correct.” — Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Florida), sponsor of the bill, via Forbes

The Judiciary Committee is expected to vote on the bill on Thursday.

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